Many years ago I read Jean Rhys’ novel The Wide Sargasso Sea which reframes Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre by imagining the life of Rochester’s “mad” wife who lives and eventually dies in the attic. As I thought about the two books together I was able to question some of my long held views of Rochester’s marriage. In the intervening years although I have found other novels attempting to reinterpret their sources, I have never been as startled as I was when I read Rhys.
That changed this week when I read Percival Everett’s 2024 novel James. Everett takes the widely known Mark Twain story Huckleberry Finn and reframes it through a narrative by the enslaved man known in that novel as Jim. Much criticism has been directed against the Twain book and it has appeared, disappeared and reappeared in American classrooms for years depending on the political climate at any time. Everett takes for granted a prior reading of the novel as well as the endless discussion of its place in American literature.
In James Everett manages to both embrace the tale as told by Finn and place it in an adult story rather than in one of a little boy. Suddenly any criticism of the book disappeared for me as I saw Huck as a fanciful boy seeing his life as a grand adventure with no more awareness of Jim as an adult than many of the “grown-ups” around him. But Everett sees Jim the enslaved man, sees his perilous journey to freedom, his accommodation to behaving as whites expect a slave to act and speak, and his true affection for the fatherless Huck.
As he takes the name James at the novel’s end it becomes impossible to see the diminished Jim as a stereotype in Twain’s book. Rather I got a glimpse, as I imagine Everett might have, of the larger story lying in wait to be told. I hope that future students will get to read both novels together, giving them a rich chance to contrast a boy’s imaginative adventure story with an adult’s breathtaking quest for freedom, a true adventure.